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| Country =Tonga | Type=Submarine volcano | Volcanic group= | Age= | Last eruption=December 2014 to January 2015 | Discovered= | Discovered_by= | First_visit= | Translation= | Pronunciation= | Photo= }} Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haapai is a volcano located about south-southeast of Fonuafoou (also known as Falcon Island), an island which is part of the nation of Tonga. The volcano is part of the highly active Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji.〔Clift, Peter D.; Rose, Estelle F.; Shimizu, Nobumichi; Layne, Graham D.; Draut, Amy E.; and Regelous, Marcel. "Tracing the Evolving Flux From the Subducting Plate in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc System Using Boron in Volcanic Glass." ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.'' 65:19 (October 2001).〕〔Gupta, Alok K. ''Igneous Rocks.'' Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998. ISBN 81-7023-784-X〕 The volcano lies about above a very active seismic zone.〔〔Ewart, A.; Bryan, W.B.; and Gill, J.B. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Younger Volcanic Islands of Tonga, S.W. Pacific." ''Journal of Petrology.'' 14:3 (1973).〕 Magma is formed as two tectonic plates melt together under high heat and pressure, and the superheated rock is forced to the surface. The island arc is formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate. 〔〔Ewart, A. "A Petrological Study of the Younger Tongan Andesites and Dacites, and the Olivine Tholeiites of Niua Fo'ou Island, S. W. Pacific." ''Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.'' 58:1 (January 1976); Hawkesworth, C.J.; Turner, S.P.; McDermott, F.; Peate, D.W.; and van Calsteren, P. "U-Th Isotopes in Arc Magmas: Implications for Element Transfer from the Subducted Crust." ''Science.'' 276:5312 (April 25, 1997).〕 ==Volcano and caldera== The volcano itself is a submarine volcano〔Arnberger, Erik. ''The Tropical Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.'' Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2001. ISBN 3-7001-2738-3〕 lying underwater between the two islands, which are the remnants of the western and northern rim of the volcano's caldera.〔 The two islands (part of the Haapai group)〔Wells, Susan M.; Sheppard, Charles; and Jenkins, Martin. ''Coral Reefs of the World: Central and Western Pacific.'' United Nations Environment Programme, 1988. ISBN 2-88032-945-0〕 are about apart,〔''Pacific Islands Pilot.'' London: Great Britain Hydrographic Department, 1969.〕 and each is about long and composed largely of andesite.〔〔 Hunga Tonga reaches an elevation of , while Hunga Haapai comes to only above sea level.〔 Neither island is large: Hunga Tonga is roughly and Hunga Haapai is in size.〔Dahl, Arthur L. ''Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania.'' IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. United Nations Environment Programme, 1986. ISBN 2-88032-509-9〕 Neither island is developed due to a lack of an acceptable anchorage, although there are large guano deposits on each island.〔〔Fletcher, Matt and Keller, Nancy J. ''Tonga.'' Oakland, Calif.: Lonely Planet, 2001. ISBN 1-74059-061-9; ''Bulletin - Department of Minerals and Energy, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics.'' Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, 1964.〕 Submarine eruptions at a rocky shoal - about southeast of Hunga Haapai and south of Hunga Tonga - were reported in 1912 and 1937.〔 Another eruption occurred from a fissure south-southeast of Hunga Haapai in 1988.〔 The islands figure in Tongan mythology as one of the few islands which were not overfished, and hence thrown down from heaven to land on earth.〔Gifford, Edward Winslow. ''Tongan Myths and Tales.'' London: The British Museum, 1924.〕〔Nunn, Patrick D. "Fished Up or Thrown Down: The Geography of Pacific Island Origin Myths." ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers.'' 93:2 (November 2004).〕 Tongans called them the islands which "jump back and forth" (i.e. suffer earthquakes).〔 The first Europeans to see the islands were those with the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616, although the British explorer Captain James Cook visited them several times in 1777 and learned their Tongan names.〔Suren, Peter. ''Essays on the History of the Discovery and Exploration of Tonga by the Europeans.'' Nukuʼalofa, Kingdom of Tonga: Friendly Islands Bookshop, 2001; Rutherford, Noel. ''Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga.'' Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-550519-0; Cook, James. ''The Journals of Captain Cook.'' John Cawte Beaglehole and Philip Edwards. New York: Penguin Classics, 1999. ISBN 0-14-043647-2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hunga Tonga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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